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Some of the mental models discussed in Charlie Munger’s books include:
1. The Swiss Army Knife Approach: Munger’s mental model approach is likened to a Swiss Army knife, where each tool represents a different mental model. This approach emphasizes having a diversified set of mental models from various fields like mathematics, physics, economics, biology, and psychology to tackle different problems effectively.
2. Make Friends with the Eminent Dead: Munger advocates learning from the wisdom of the past by studying the ideas and biographies of historical figures. By making friends with the eminent dead, individuals can benefit from centuries of acquired knowledge and brilliant ideas that have stood the test of time.
3. Simplicity: Munger emphasizes the importance of simplicity in decision-making. He advises taking simple ideas seriously and avoiding unnecessary complexity, especially in fields like investing where simplicity often leads to better outcomes.
4. Invert, Always Invert: This mental model encourages individuals to look at problems from different angles by inverting them. By considering the opposite perspective or focusing on avoiding mistakes, individuals can often arrive at better solutions and decisions.
5. Filters: Munger highlights the importance of consciously using filters in decision-making. Filters help narrow down choices and focus attention on the most relevant factors. For example, in investing, filters can help select the best opportunities from a vast array of options.
6. The Fat-Pitch Strategy: This model advises investors to only act when there is an extraordinary opportunity, and when such an opportunity arises, to fully capitalize on it. Munger stresses the importance of not missing out on exceptional opportunities in investing.
These mental models are just a few examples of the many frameworks and principles that Charlie Munger discusses in his books to help individuals improve their decision-making, think more effectively, and navigate life and investments successfully.
Key Principles of Charlie Munger’s Investment Philosophy
Charlie Munger’s investment philosophy is centered around several key principles, which include:
1. Focusing on the quality of a business rather than the price of its stock: Munger emphasized the importance of investing in high-quality businesses that have a proven track record of generating profits.
2. Aversion to over-diversification: Munger believed that excessive diversification is a flawed strategy and that investors should instead focus on a smaller number of high-quality investments.
3. Return on Invested Capital (ROIC): ROIC is a critical metric for Munger, as he believed that a stock’s return is tied to the underlying business’s ability to generate profits from its invested capital over the long term.
4. Appreciation for exceptional leadership: Munger recognized the importance of strong leadership and often invested in companies with exceptional management teams.
5. Long-term perspective: Munger’s investment approach emphasizes the power of compounding and the importance of taking a long-term perspective when investing.
6. Value investing principles: Munger, along with his business partner Warren Buffett, follows the value investing principles of assessing a company’s intrinsic value and ensuring a margin of safety in their investments.
Munger’s investment philosophy has been instrumental in shaping Berkshire Hathaway’s success, and his teachings continue to resonate with clarity and relevance in the investment community.
Charlie Munger ebitda views
Charlie Munger, is known to famously refer to EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization) as “bullshit earnings”.
He believed that using EBITDA as a measure of a company’s financial health can be misleading, as it does not take into account the impact of interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization on a company’s earnings.
Munger’s criticism of EBITDA highlights the importance of considering all relevant factors when evaluating a company’s financial health.
How Charlie Munger evaluates the quality of a company before investing
Charlie Munger evaluates the quality of a company before investing by examining several key factors. These include the company’s financial reports, which he treats with skepticism and views as a starting point for intrinsic valuation rather than the end.
He looks beyond the numbers to assess the company’s relationships with regulators, labour, suppliers, and customers, as well as its exposure to technological changes and competitive strengths and vulnerabilities.
Munger also places a high weight on management quality, looking for able, trustworthy, and owner-oriented leaders who allocate capital intelligently on behalf of the owners. He attempts to assess and understand the company’s competitive advantage, or “moat,” and its durability.
Munger’s approach is systematic, disciplined, and grounded in rationality and objectivity, using a checklist method to evaluate potential investments.
He emphasizes the importance of focusing on the quality of a business rather than the price of its stock, and his investment philosophy is centred on the principle of value investing, which focuses on buying securities that appear underpriced by some form of fundamental analysis.
Munger’s concept of the ‘latticework of mental models’ also plays a significant role in his investment approach, as he uses a multi-disciplinary approach to make better investment decisions.
The most successful investments made by Charlie Munger
Some of the most successful investments that constitutes Charlie Munger portfolio include:
1. See’s Candies: Munger and Warren Buffett purchased See’s Candies in 1972 for $25 million. This investment turned out to be highly successful, with See’s Candies generating over $2 billion in pre-tax earnings since its acquisition. The company’s strong brand, high profit margins, and pricing power made it a valuable investment that taught Buffett valuable lessons about the power of quality businesses.
2. Coca-Cola: Munger’s investment in Coca-Cola, influenced by his belief in the company’s strong brand, loyal consumers, high profit margins, and stable growth, proved to be another successful venture. Between 1988 and 1998, Buffett’s investment in Coca-Cola increased from $1.299 billion to $13.4 billion, with a total return on investment exceeding 10 times.
3. Costco: Munger’s long-term investment in Costco Wholesale has been a notable success. He has been a shareholder since 1997 and served on its board. Munger’s preference for Costco stems from the company’s excellent business model, strong corporate culture, and low-markup policy. Costco’s impressive performance and Munger’s unwavering commitment to the company underscore the success of this investment.
4. BYD: Munger’s investment in Chinese automaker BYD in 2008 has been a proud success. Berkshire Hathaway’s initial bet on BYD has grown into a substantial position in the energy transition sector. Munger’s endorsement of BYD has been strong, with the investment generating returns of tens of times the initial investment by 2022. Despite reducing its stake, Berkshire Hathaway still held over 80 million shares in BYD as of October.
These investments reflect Munger’s ability to identify high-quality businesses with enduring competitive advantages and strong growth potential, showcasing his skill as an investor and his adherence to value investing principles.
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